This article explores how the three Spanish parties that formed a coalition government at the beginning of 2020 -- (i) the Spanish Social Democratic Party, (ii) the United Left and (iii) Podemos -- organise education for their members. With frame analysis as a theoretical itinerary, the study begins to outline what the parties' schools are about,…

The development of the institution of clientage is traced from ancient Rome to modern times. The patron-client relationships in the hierarchical nature of society and institutions in Spain and Latin America are specifically examined. (RM)