This study suggests a conceptual framework for policy-driven test development and validation, using the Test of Proficiency in Korean (TOPIK) as an example context. By linking the literature on policy analysis and argument structure in the validation of testing, the strong relationships between policy and testing are illustrated. This rationalizes why policy-driven test development and implementation require the analysis of multiple stakeholders, content, context, and processes. The suggested framework will enable test providers to investigate the legitimacy of test development and use at the initial stages. The TOPIK was often intended for socio-political purposes, and was utilized for admissions and employment purposes. Today, its use has extended for the purposes of visa issuance, permanent residence, and naturalization. Thus, it is posited that the legitimacy of any policy-driven testing should be evaluated in terms of context, consequence, and feasibility.