Background: The development of learning attitudes during middle school transition and adaptation is critical, as shown by Self-Determination Theory (SDT). However, the development of adolescents' learning attitudes throughout middle school and the impact of parenting styles on this development remains largely unexplored. Objective: This research…

Typically a longitudinal growth modeling based on item response theory (IRT) requires repeated measures data from a single group with the same test design. If operational or item exposure problems are present, the same test may not be employed to collect data for longitudinal analyses and tests at multiple time points are constructed with unique…