Given the entrenched movement toward internal and external accreditation in Middle Eastern universities, it is important to gain insights into departments heads' performance, which contributes to the quality of the university's work and its reputation. Results from related research can be used in the development of leadership performance criteria.…

Purpose: Due to the high expense of obtaining and accessing scientific research, readers with diverse financial abilities are not offered equal opportunities. This study investigates the preferences for journal access types among Arab university academics and explores the implications of publishing research articles in open access vs closed access…