During the nineteenth century, the federal government forced many natives to move from their ancestral homes to remote territories in the central and western United States. Also during that century, the United States opened off reservation boarding schools for native youth. The first of those institutes was the Carlisle Indian Industrial School,…

William Frederick ("Fred") Cardin served as a director of instrumental music in the Reading, Pennsylvania, School District from 1930 until his retirement in June 1960. An accomplished performer and composer, Cardin studied at the Curtis School of Music and the Conservatoire Américaine in Paris, France. He is remembered as an outstanding…