This report explores, in particular, the educational R&D systems in two countries, England and New Zealand, both members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). OECD review teams have been assessing the effectiveness of the educational R&D systems in these two countries in developing and applying usable knowledge to improve the quality of educational practice and policy. The approach of the review teams is to analyze the national educational R&D system as a knowledge management system in which the basic purpose of educational R&D is to develop, organize, and disseminate information and knowledge that illuminates our long-range understanding of the fundamental processes of education. These two reviews are presented in chapters 2 and 4. The accompanying background reports prepared by national educational ministries to support the work of the review team are presented in chapters 3 and 5. Chapter 1 highlights some of the key challenges and issues in educational R&D that OECD countries are facing. Each chapter is preceded by an abstract. The report contains numerous figures, tables, and references. (Author/WFA)