Multilingual learners (MLs) are the country's fastest-growing student population: One in five students speak a language other than English at home, and 10 percent of the student population across the country is identified for language development services in school. Despite these students' growing presence nationwide, relatively few best practices…

Reverse engineering (RE) can play an important role in the re-designing tests in L2 English. It can also enrich the aim of teaching the same as raising children through academic achievement. In addition, it can play a key role in helping students understand how much their test is valid by using Standard reverse engineering (SRE). This paper is a…

Nationwide, one-third of children ages 5 and under have at least one parent who speaks a language other than English. These Dual Language Learners (DLLs) are an incredibly diverse and growing group of young children, and with the right support these preschoolers have the potential to develop as multilingual and multiliterate individuals. Yet…

This report provides information on enrollment in the Texas public school system from the 2009-10 through 2019-20 school years, based on data collected through the Texas Student Data System. Enrollment data are provided by grade, race/ethnicity, gender, and economically disadvantaged status, and for instructional programs, nontraditional school…

This fact sheet provides demographic information for the young Dual Language Learner (DLL) population in New York State, based on Migration Policy Institute (MPI) analysis of U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) data pooled over the 2011-15 period. DLLs, defined as children ages 8 and under with at least one parent who speaks a…

In this article, Luis O. Reyes provides a retrospective of the historic 1974 Aspira Consent Decree between the New York City Board of Education and Aspira of New York, which established bilingual instruction as a legally enforceable federal entitlement for New York City's non-English-speaking Puerto Rican and Latino students. Reyes analyzes the…

For new educators, the obstacles of high-stakes testing, curricular mandates, and their own inexperience and self-doubt can render teaching for justice and equity overwhelming, seemingly impossible ideals. However, as students are increasingly tied to prescriptive curricula and academic performance standards, the goals of social justice and…

In 1984-1985, the second year of a three-year funding cycle, Project CHAMP provided instruction to 600 primarily Chinese-speaking students of limited English proficiency (LEP) in grades 9-12 at Seward Park, Washington Irving, and Martin Luther King, Jr. High Schools in New York, New York. Seward Park was the primary site of the project and most…

In 1984-85, the Bilingual Program in Auxiliary Services for High Schools provided instruction in English as a second language (ESL), native language development, and basic education, in addition to a job counseling and placement component, to approximately 1,900 students at 15 sites in New York City. The program served speakers of Spanish,…

This report provides statistics on the number of New York State students enrolled in bilingual programs, the characteristics of these programs, and the achievements of students enrolled. A description of funded programs for limited English proficient (LEP) students show the numbers of students enrolled and the language groups served. A discussion…

Underrepresentation of minority students in gifted and talented (G/T) programs is a well established fact. A study examined procedures and criteria used to identify, place, and instruct gifted and talented students with limited English proficiency (GT/LEPs) in Texas, California, Colorado, Florida, Arizona, and New York public schools, to help…

A study assessed the performance of language-minority and language-majority children in a two-way Spanish-English bilingual education program in Port Chester, New York. The program treats language learning as a resource for all students, with each group of children teaching their native languages to the other. Second- and third-grade classes are…

A two-way bilingual program, in which limited-English-speaking Hispanic students and English-proficient students provide reciprocal language-learning experiences, was implemented in a Port Chester, New York elementary school. The program's features included a combined second/third grade, two classes (one limited-English-proficient and one…

This study surveyed 227 teachers of English Language Learners (ELLs) in New York City public schools about the adequacy of the school and classroom services provided to ELLs to help them meet the challenges of New York City's updated promotion and graduation standards. In addition to the teachers' surveys, the report compiles data from the New…

This report focuses on the achievement in basic skill areas attained by participants in compensatory education activities in New York State, which has established the priority areas of reading and mathematics. Over 200,000 pupils participated in Chapter 1 reading programs, and over 86,000 participated in Chapter 1 mathematics programs. Ten tables…