An increasing number of parents are opting-out their children from high-stakes. Accountability systems in education have used students' test scores to measure student learning, teacher effectiveness, and school district performance. Students who are opted-out of high-stakes tests are not being evaluated by the state tests, making their level of…

The purpose of this study was to examine whether observable peer behaviors and art unit content would positively influence moral confidence. The hypothesis was tested on 15 middle school students in a semi-rural school district in Central New York. Students completed questionnaires before and after participating in an art unit with pro-social…

This study examined the relationship of social influences to use drugs and competence variables with lifetime poly-drug use for adolescents residing in inner-city regions. The same model was tested separately for boys and girls. Sixth- and seventh-graders (N = 2400) in inner-city schools self-reported substance use, social influences to use drugs…