A study was conducted to test the effects of early consistent rejection by peers in early elementary school on children's social and emotional adjustment at the end of elementary school. The study used data from a longitudinal study conducted in the Netherlands between 1986 and 1991. In 1986, a total of 231 kindergarten and first-grade boys from 37 elementary schools were contacted. For the second contact in 1987, a total of 99 percent of the original sample was still participating, and 80 percent participated in the final contact 4 years later. Study measures included sociometric screening to determine whether the boys were rejected, popular, neglected, controversial, or average. Also included were various assessments of the boys' social and emotional adjustment; a questionnaire to assess bullying and victimization problems; and a depression scale for children. It was found that boys who were consistently rejected in early elementary school were more likely than other boys to become victims of other children's aggression; to develop feelings of loneliness; and to show signs of depression. Consistent rejection also predicted less prosocial behavior and more behavior indicative of withdrawal and bullying. The effects of rejection were found even when earlier aggression and shyness were controlled for. Loneliness could be predicted from depression, concurrent rejection, and earlier depression. Early consistent rejection appears to be a risk factor for the development of internalizing disorder. Implications of the research and recommendations for further study are included. (Nine tables/figures are attached.) (AC)