Three experiments using beginning readers of Dutch (seven and eight years old) as subjects provide evidence that visually recognizing the unique graphemic structure of words is important in word identification, even in early stages in learning to read. Results are discussed regarding the importance of building accurate graphemic entries in the…

Spelling pronunciations are hypothesized to be helpful in building up relatively stable phonologically underpinned orthographic representations, particularly for learning words with irregular phoneme-grapheme correspondences. In a four-week computer-based training, the efficacy of spelling pronunciations and previewing the spelling patterns on…