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Murphy, Carol – British Educational Research Journal, 2011
Efforts to meet the needs of children's learning in arithmetic has led to an increased emphasis on the teaching of mental calculation strategies in England. This has included the adoption of didactical tools such as the empty number line (ENL) that was developed as part of the realistic mathematics movement in the Netherlands. It has been claimed…
Descriptors: Mental Computation, Foreign Countries, Arithmetic, Educational Strategies

Wolters, G.; And Others – Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 1990
Hypothesized that arithmetic calculating procedures and types of problems that necessitate more subproblems will lead to longer solution times. Data from 36 third grade students who mentally computed problems with sums greater than 20 and less than 100, confirmed both hypotheses. (RH)
Descriptors: Arithmetic, Cognitive Processes, Difficulty Level, Elementary School Students