Purpose: Historical trauma has been widely applied to American Indian/Alaska Native and other Indigenous populations and includes dimensions of language, sociocultural, and land losses and associated physical and mental disorders, as well as economic hardships. Insufficient evidence remains on the experiences of historical trauma due to waves of…

This article analyzes in the novel Balun Canan by Rosario Castellanos the pain caused by the persistence of neocolonialism in the Comitan region of Chiapas during President Cardenas's land reforms of the 1930s. In this work, the author lays bare personal wounds through the discourse of the variously gendered characters of a culturally mixed…