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Reardon, Sean F.; Papay, John P.; Kilbride, Tara; Strunk, Katherine O.; Cowen, Joshua; An, Lily; Donohue, Kate – Stanford Center for Education Policy Analysis, 2019
In this paper we compare two approaches to measuring the average rate at which students learn in a given school or district. One type of measure--longitudinal growth measures--relies on student-level longitudinal data. A second type--cohort growth measures--relies only on repeated aggregated, cross-sectional data. Because student-level data is…
Descriptors: Measurement Techniques, Growth Models, Cohort Analysis, Longitudinal Studies
Nichols, Sharon L.; Glass, Gene V.; Berliner, David C. – Education Policy Research Unit, 2005
Under the federal No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB), standardized test scores are the indicator used to hold schools and school districts accountable for student achievement. Each state is responsible for constructing an accountability system, attaching consequences--or stakes--for student performance. The theory of action implied by this…
Descriptors: High Stakes Tests, Standardized Tests, Academic Achievement, Federal Legislation