There is an epidemic of race-related suspension disparities in a local school system within the State of Maryland. Minority students are more incessantly referred for disciplinary actions and suspended at higher rates than their white peers. Research shows there are significant contributors to race-related suspension disparities. These disparate…

The history of school discipline has varied greatly since educating students in a formal setting became the norm, as there has always been emphasis on controlling students. The violations of school rules that have resulted in consequences have also varied. What has been documented in scholarship for almost 50 years is that African American…

In the United States, most local jurisdictions are challenged as they seek to maintain fiscal strength. But majority-Black jurisdictions are uniquely burdened due to legacy and contemporary racist and racialized policies and racial capitalism. Leaders in majority-Black locales make harsher budget trade-offs than those in majority-White…