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Direct linkKhavenson, Tatiana; Carnoy, Martin – Oxford Review of Education, 2016
In this paper, we try to unravel some of the unintended and intended academic effects associated with post-Soviet educational reforms by focusing on three cases: Estonia, Latvia and Russia. We have chosen this comparison because a unique "natural experiment" in the three countries allows us to compare the changing academic performance on…
Descriptors: Social Change, Social Systems, Academic Achievement, Russian
Priedite, Aija – Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 2005
As a heritage from the Soviet period (1945-1991) about 500,000-700,000 (mostly Russophone) persons (military persons, workers and others) lived in Latvia with little or no command of Latvian. During the same period, the Russian language had replaced Latvian in the public administration. Following the restitution of independence in 1991, one of the…
Descriptors: Language Planning, Language Attitudes, Official Languages, Public Administration
