This report examines efforts by 12 formerly segregated states (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia) to desegregate their higher education systems and increase educational opportunities for black and other minority students. It found that none of the states that had formerly operated a dual system of higher education demonstrated an acceptable level of success in desegregation, and that substantial remnants of segregation continue to shape higher education in these states. It recommends that these states: (1) address the systemic nature of the problem; (2) develop institutional plans; (3) make access an institutional mission; (4) make success an institutional responsibility; (5) make community colleges full partners in higher education; (6) measure success and failure; (7) support historically black institutions; (8) restructure rather than close or merge institutions; (9) promote public and private leadership; and (10) invest adequate funds in reform. Five appendixes provide selected data from the 12 states, a model desegregation order, a list of panel meetings and hearings, a list of presenters, and a list of commissioned papers. (MDM)