Cultivation (shuyo) is not a translated term. However, neither has it been used consistently since the Edo period (1603-1867). Its "depth" is not visible simply from the "shuyo" theory of the Meiji period (1868-1912). This paper structuralizes the Edo and Meiji periods in synchronicity. In addition, it focuses on the translation of Western terms, in particular "cultivation," and examines the surrounding areas. The points addressed are: (1) relations with politics; (2) relations with morals; (3) differences from care for health (yojo); (4) differences from spiritual exercise (shugyo); and (5) differences from skill and performance (keiko). The practices of "non"-modernity cannot be summed up within the categories of modern education. Hints thereto are found in "discrepancies" within translation. This is an attempt to examine a unique Japanese educational tradition as understood within translation. [This article was translated by Nadezhda Murray.]