Because of lack of funds and the failure of the mass literacy campaign, the government of Indonesia has concentrated on the consolidation of literacy by organizing reading groups of neo-literates. Reading materials are obtained from all technical departments concerned with rural development. (EB)

The author describes an Indonesian program for village development: graduate students in any discipline at State universities must spend six months working at community development in a village in order to receive their master's degrees. Results have been varied; the author raises several questions and warns against unexpected negative results.…

The five studies on education for rural development are directed to teachers, administrators, and others concerned with education in rural areas in their efforts to raise the social and economic status of the rural poor. The Indian study discusses the problem of wastage at the primary school level (with specific reference to Tamil Nadu), and…