ICAP is a framework that classifies learning processes based on students' explicit behaviors. The framework is developed for testing the hypothesis that interactive exercises are better than constructive exercises, and active exercises are better than the passive exercises for higher cognitive engagement and better learning outcomes. The ICAP…

This paper is focused on the use of autobiography in science education that contains first-hand accounts of doctoral student narratives and the further step after graduation. The study utilized personal stories, incorporating telling one's story from the first author and sharing it to use difference productively. The story reflected his…