The Guatemalan educational system has been the most unequal system in the Latin American region ever since the 1950s. The indigenous Maya people, who constitute around half of the population, experienced the state mainly through repression, exploitative labour relationships and exclusion from education. The return to democracy and the peace…

Since January 1993, almost 5,000 Mayan refugees have returned to Guatemala from Mexican camps to which they had fled in the 1980s following army massacres and destruction of villages. The refugees overcame historical differences among 22 Mayan ethnic groups, forged a Pan-Mayan unity, and, with international support, persuaded the Guatemalan…

Scholars argue that third parties make rational calculations and intervene to influence interstate dispute outcomes in favor of their own objectives. Third parties affect not only conflict outcomes but also escalation and duration. Theories of third-party involvement are applied to understand the dynamics of intrastate war. An analysis of event…