This report presents an overview of the financial aspects of the vocational education and training (VET) system in Germany. It is based on a survey that covered the following issues: (1) the economic, political, legal, and administrative background to the financing of the VET system; (2) the different types of training defined according to the…

This overview of vocational education and training in Europe gives (1) detailed descriptions of the educational systems of Austria, Denmark, France, Germany, Holland, Sweden, and Switzerland; (2) discussion of European Community projects; (3) 50 references; (4) addresses of information sources; and (5) a glossary in English, Danish, German,…

This report summarizes a study of the continuing training system for workers in Germany. It describes the instruments that have been developed in Germany for the organization and provision of continuing training, the groups of people concerned, and the costs involved. After defining continuing training and explaining its place within the overall…

The German education and training system has been shaped by a variety of philosophical, pedagogical, economic, political, and societal ideas and events during its historical development. Its main features and trends can be traced back for at least a century; they have proven to be stable and resistant to major changes. The hierarchical structure…

A study examined the role of employer training in ameliorating skill shortages and enhancing productivity and competitiveness. The study established that formal training by specialized personnel accounts for only 5-10% of the time newly hired workers are engaged in training activities and that existing labor market research instruments fail to…

Three centuries ago only religious schools and apprenticeship controlled by the guilds existed to provide training. Regular academic schools originated in religions that needed a well-educated clergy, and these schools offered the model for the universal basic and secondary schools that exist today in nearly all countries. The European guilds gave…

Germany's Dual System, which consists of in-school and in-enterprise components, facilitates entry into 374 recognized technical, white-collar and blue-collar occupations listed in training regulations that are grounded in legislation. The Dual System's origins and development in Germany were examined along with several attempts to replicate the…

An international team of researchers studied the following aspects of training in Germany's retail sector: structure and characteristics, institutional and social context, employment and labor, changing conditions and their implications for skill requirements, and training and recruitment. Data were collected from an analysis of social and…

This book contains an introduction and 10 papers from the International Conference on New Trends of Development and Models of Reform in the Field of Vocational Education and Training in the 21st Century. The following papers are included: "Introduction to the Reports Held on the International Conference"; "The Development and Reform…

Training in the motor vehicle repair and sales sector in Germany was examined in a study that included the following approaches: review of the sector's structure/characteristics, institutional and social context, employment practices/trends, changes in the type of work and employment/training requirements, and available initial and continuing…

This book, which was prepared in the context of the Fifth International Conference on Adult Education, consists of a summary of the conference workshop "Environmental Education for Adults," 11 papers reviewing promising trends and developments in environmental learning in selected countries and contexts, and an introduction to the 25th…

The key issues, alternatives, and implications for developing countries to consider when designing systems to define occupational standards, related training standards, and assessments were analyzed. The analysis focused on the following issues: the rationale for development of standards; clarification of definitions, terminology, and assumptions;…

The literature on business involvement in education in Canada, the United States, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, Japan, the United Kingdom, and other European countries was reviewed. Special attention was paid to the following topics: workplace trends/changes; skill requirements/deficits; youth employment/unemployment; integration versus…

This book provides a comprehensive survey of literature regarding the theory and practice of distance education (DE). Among the aspects of DE discussed are the following; overall picture of DE today (concept/evolution, DE and open learning, modes of teaching/learning); background (basic questions concerning education/teaching/learning and impact…

The education-to-labor market transitions experienced by young people in England and in eastern and western Germany were compared. The eastern German portion of the study was based on a 1996 study that included a survey of 100 trainers and 1,000 apprentices in 12 companies; in-depth interviews with 18 trainers, career advisers, and others; and…