The proposition that international students are not only sojourners but future immigrants has become well established in public policy. While education and immigration policy have become more intertwined, they continue to be analysed as separate spheres of influence. This paper compares Australia, Canada, and Germany, which between them host…

In responding to the growing global demand for education, transnational education (TNE) plays a fundamental role in the current debate on the internationalisation and globalisation of higher education. Through conducting a systematic literature review, this paper examines the unique features of German transnational education, which has little in…

The expansion of opportunity in higher education and the recognition of the influence of academic research on economic development have motivated policy reforms in many national systems of higher education including Japan. Many of these national reforms involve facilitating market forces in higher education, which is a new context for many…