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Reading Begets Reading? Disentangling the Dynamic Interplay between Reading Competence and Reading Exposure with a Special Focus on Gender Differences
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Felix Bittmann – Reading Research Quarterly, 2025
Do children with better reading competence read more, or do avid readers increase their reading competence? This highly relevant question has been discussed for many years, yet conclusive results are rare. Previous studies suffer from small sample sizes or omitted variable bias, rendering their findings questionable. We provide new insight using…
Descriptors: Reading, Opportunities, Reading Instruction, Gender Differences
Educational Systems and Rising Inequality: Eastern Germany after Unification
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von Below, Susanne; Powell, Justin J. W.; Roberts, Lance W. – Sociology of Education, 2013
Educational systems considerably influence educational opportunities and the resulting social inequalities. Contrasting institutional regulations of both structures and contents, the authors present a typology of educational system types in Germany to analyze their effects on social inequality in eastern Germany after unification. After 1990, the…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Educational Sociology, Educational Opportunities, Social Justice
German Higher Education: Issues and Challenges. International Studies in Education.
Lingens, Hans G. – 1998
This book outlines some of the current problems faced by higher education in Germany. The first chapter describes the development of higher education and the changes in this system over time, with an emphasis on the development of higher education in the two Germanys before reunification and some comments on developments since reunification.…
Descriptors: Admission Criteria, College Students, Colleges, Demography