Transitional periods, such as lesson starts, are necessary steps from one activity to another, but they also compete with time for actual learning. The aim of the present study was to replicate a previous pilot study on lesson starts and explore possible disturbances. In total, 130 lesson starts in Finnish basic education in grades 1-9 were…

In this article, the authors share a European perspective on teaching linear equations in Finland, Flanders, and Hungary. They begin with an assertion that it is through observation, in its broadest sense, and opportunities for participation, that people assimilate themselves into the culture in which they are raised. They discuss three approaches…