This article examines three models of international social work learning experiences through the lens of Gray's (2005) three paradoxical processes: indigenization, universalism, and imperialism.

International branch campuses (IBCs) are ventures in higher education that continue to make a global footprint in the delivery of higher education transnationally. However, there is limited knowledge on the intentionality of key leaders about whether to replicate the campus culture of home institutions at their respective IBCs. The purpose of this…