During the Second Five Year Plan (1958-1962), the Chinese Communists expanded spare-time adult education schools to part-work, part-study Red-and-Expert universities and schools to provide ideological indoctrination and cultivate socialist citizens (Red) and to train skilled manpower for modern industry and economic development (Expert). The program was to educate a disciplined, technical citizenry capable of working in many technical areas through a combination of education and productive labor, with schools setting up their own factories and farms and factories and agricultural cooperatives establishing schools. Programs were directed by the local Party Secretary with Communist cadres. The basic flaw in the experiment was the attempt to expand schools without state expenditures and to expand the program without affecting production. Nevertheless, approximately 90,000,000 people attended literacy classes and there are now more literate peasants and workers developing the Chinese economy. (author/aj)