This study used multiple streams framework to analyse the motivation of reform from 211 Project and 985 Project to the Double-first-class Plan in China. Results indicate that all the three streams (problem stream, policy stream, and political stream), opening of policy window and policy entrepreneurs' effort played important roles in promoting the…

Over the past 40 years, global tertiary expansion has been driven in part by the rise of the non-university sector. The growth of this sector, which includes vocational colleges, also contributes to increasingly diverse national higher education systems. Prior research has focused on inter-state variation in national systems, while very few…

Three principles underlying Chinese academic freedom and university autonomy are discussed: (1) given the socialist nature of Chinese education, education must provide support for socialist modernization, with all activities undertaken in society's interest; (2) universities have legal status to manage their internal affairs; (3) faculty can…

Hong Kong universities' purpose has historically been to fulfill colonial labor force needs for economic growth. The 1997 shift in Hong Kong's sovereignty to China will bring changes in higher education's direction and philosophy, probably characterized by greater emphasis on scientific, technological, and cultural exchange with other countries…