In China, lifelong learning has a long history--as a way to prepare for traditional civil examinations, which opened opportunities for social mobility and, later, to train the adult workforce to meet national economic objectives. In Shanghai, adult education has recently become essential for adapting the workforce to rapid economic change, but…

Examines the Chinese Marxist educational philosophy of combining education and productive labor, including various types of schools where the idea has been practiced. (MH)

Assesses developments in Chinese vocational education since 1976 and between 1949 and 1976; defines terminology; profiles secondary vocational education alternatives, including secondary specialized schools, workers' training schools, agricultural/vocational high schools, vocational (technical) schools, apprenticeship training, and continuation…

Deals with Chinese educational planning as a basic component in the public system for the governance and development of the formal education system, in accordance with the national development plan. "Politics determines what educational planning should achieve, but the administrative system determines what it can achieve." (MH)

Examines two sets of Chinese educational ideology and practice: pre-1977 (during the Cultural Revolution) and post-1976 (during the Hua Guofeng administration), as well as changes in the 1980s. Special attention is given to ideology, the expansion of schooling, self-reliance, utilization of human resources, and emergence of pressure groups.…