This experiment employed viewing time methods to investigate the effects of individual differences in visuospatial working memory (VWM) on the processing of older adults' bridging inferences in the understanding of visual narratives. The results showed that older adults could make bridging inferences in visual narrative processing, and that VWM…

Emotion has become an important topic in fieldwork courses of higher geography education. This study attempts to provide embodied evidence of the important value of emotional experiences in fieldwork and clarify that the teaching effect produced by fieldwork in a real environment is difficult to achieve in a virtual environment. Using eye-tracking…

Purpose: This study was designed to distinguish the degree of sharing of representations between different modalities by investigating whether a word encountering experience in one modality impacts word processing in another modality. Method: In three experiments, participants experienced some words frequently in the auditory modality (Experiment…

This study aims to determine the impact of Industry 4.0 innovations, namely infographics and product modelling, on students' academic performance and visual thinking skills. The experiment involved 164 students. Teaching tools promote the student's academic performance and visual thinking. The average grade of academic performance was higher in…

The Next Generation Science Standards regard biological structures at both the micro and macro levels as a core idea of life sciences and expect students to understand animals have external structures that perform diverse functions. Using the common creature of bees as a case, this study aimed to ascertain teenage students' ideas of bees through…

In conventional ancient Chinese poetry learning, students tend to be under-motivated and fail to understand many aspects of poetry. As generative artificial intelligence (GAI) has been applied to education, image-GAI (iGAI) provides great opportunities for students to generate visualized images based on their descriptions of poems, and to situate…