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Hu, Xinyang; Jiang, Yanxia; Bi, Hualin – International Journal of STEM Education, 2022
Background: In many countries and regions, such as the United States, Europe and China, a trend has emerged in which students' enthusiasm for STEM is declining. This decline may be related to students' lack of science self-efficacy. An accurate examination of students' science self-efficacy can provide a research foundation for how to cultivate…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, STEM Education, Self Efficacy, Test Construction