This report follows up on the book "Leapfrogging Inequality: Remaking Education to Help Young People Thrive," published in 2018 by the Center for Universal Education (CUE) at the Brookings Institution. The book argued the importance of education leapfrogging--creating transformative shifts rather than incremental evolution by harnessing the power of innovation to advance a breadth of skills. This report focuses on the teaching and learning element of the leapfrog framework, especially on pedagogical approaches and the role of teachers, but draws on the others as relevant. The overall goal of the report is to deepen insights on how to leapfrog. Specifically, this report focuses on what might be done to address the learning crisis and to transform education systems to meet the demands of tomorrow. The report's value-added is its sharp pedagogical focus and its twin themes: (1) Pedagogical innovation is critical and is at the heart of the ambition to leapfrog education systems; and (2) It is critical to learn from the experiences of existing transformative approaches. The report first reviews the nature of the problem and argues that the global lifelong learning agenda calls for serious reimagining of the education landscape. It then argues that pedagogy, and specifically innovative pedagogies, must be central to any systematic transformation if leapfrogging is to be achieved. The report identifies six clusters of such pedagogies which, alone or in combination, would underpin such a transformation. It then examines factors that enable the successful implementation of innovative pedagogies, homing in on the support and empowerment of teachers, as well as structural changes in the design of schools to include hybrid models, combining both formal and nonformal. Finally, the report concludes by reflecting on the depth of transformation that this vision implies for education systems, and how to think about fruitful near-term approaches for scaling up innovative pedagogies.