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Proactive Control in the Stroop Task: A Conflict-Frequency Manipulation Free of Item-Specific, Contingency-Learning, and Color-Word Correlation Confounds
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Spinelli, Giacomo; Lupker, Stephen J. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2021
In the Stroop task, congruency effects (i.e., the color-naming latency difference between incongruent stimuli, e.g., the word BLUE written in the color red, and congruent stimuli, e.g., RED in red) are smaller in a list in which incongruent trials are frequent than in a list in which incongruent trials are infrequent. The traditional explanation…
Descriptors: Color, Interference (Learning), Visual Stimuli, Reaction Time
Bilingualism and Executive Attention: Evidence from Studies of Proactive and Reactive Control
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Spinelli, Giacomo; Goldsmith, Samantha F.; Lupker, Stephen J.; Morton, J. Bruce – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2022
According to some accounts, the bilingual advantage is most pronounced in the domain of executive attention rather than inhibition and should therefore be more easily detected in conflict adaptation paradigms than in simple interference paradigms. We tested this idea using two conflict adaptation paradigms, one that elicits a list-wide…
Descriptors: Bilingualism, Executive Function, Attention Control, Interference (Language)
Incidental Learning in 3D Virtual Environments: Relationships to Learning Style, Digital Literacy and Information Display
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Thomas, Wayne W.; Boechler, Patricia M. – International Journal of Virtual and Personal Learning Environments, 2014
With teachers taking more interest in utilizing 3D virtual environments for educational purposes, research is needed to understand how learners perceive and process information within virtual environments (Eschenbrenner, Nah, & Siau, 2008). In this study, the authors sought to determine if learning style or digital literacy predict incidental…
Descriptors: Incidental Learning, Computer Simulation, Simulated Environment, Cognitive Style
Cognitive Underpinnings of Moral Reasoning in Adolescence: The Contribution of Executive Functions
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Vera-Estay, E.; Dooley, J. J.; Beauchamp, M. H. – Journal of Moral Education, 2015
Adolescence is a developmental period characterized by intense changes, which impact the interaction between individuals and their environments. Moral reasoning (MR) is an important skill during adolescence because it guides social decisions between right and wrong. Identifying the cognitive underpinnings of MR is essential to understanding the…
Descriptors: Moral Values, Moral Development, Developmental Stages, Adolescents
Picture Perception in Infants: Generalization from Two-Dimensional to Three-Dimensional Displays
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Jowkar-Baniani, Gelareh; Schmuckler, Mark A. – Infancy, 2011
Two experiments investigated 9-month-old infants' abilities to recognize the correspondence between an actual three-dimensional (3D) object and its two-dimensional (2D) representation, looking specifically at representations that did not literally depict the actual object: schematic line drawings. In Experiment 1, infants habituated to a line…
Descriptors: Infants, Pictorial Stimuli, Visual Perception, Correlation
Patterns in Mother-Child Internal State Discourse across Four Contexts
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Howe, Nina; Rinaldi, Christina M.; Recchia, Holly E. – Merrill-Palmer Quarterly: Journal of Developmental Psychology, 2010
Internal state language is a unique indicator of children's social understanding. In the current study, the role of context and type of internal state language was investigated. Mother-child internal state discourse in 32 middle-class Canadian families (child M age = 46.4 months) was examined across four contexts: (1) a reflective picture task,…
Descriptors: Mothers, Preschool Children, Social Cognition, Investigations