Disparities in academic achievement begin in early childhood, before children step foot into a classroom. These early gaps, often along racial and economic lines, widen throughout children's academic careers because children who are well-prepared at entry are able to take full advantage of school, while children who enter less prepared spend more…

Reexamines a model of successive stages of urban ethnic institutional development with particular reference to Los Angeles' Indian community. Calls attention to a new level of institutional development within the urban Indian community. Assesses the effect of national policy on local ethnic groups and the development of their institutions.…

In order to examine the role and effectiveness of community organizations in increasing parental and community involvement in educational decision making, a research project was initiated which included three elements: (1) case studies documenting the behavior of organizations and internal and external factors that influence their functioning, (2)…