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Umansky, Ilana M.; Valentino, Rachel A.; Reardon, Sean F. – Stanford Center for Education Policy Analysis, 2015
One in five school-age children in the U.S. speaks a language other than English at home (Zeigler & Camarota, 2014). Roughly half of these emerging bilingual students (Garcia, 2009) are classified as English learners (ELs) when they enter school, meaning they do not meet state or district criteria for English proficiency (NCES, 2015). As the…
Descriptors: Bilingual Education, Immersion Programs, Bilingual Students, English Language Learners
Cohen, Andrew D. – 1975
This article updates the Culver City Spanish Immersion Program. Research results for the third year of the program (1973-74) are summarized, and research in progress during the 1974-75 year is discussed. The article closes with a discussion of a series of research issues for investigation, issues in many ways prompted by already completed…
Descriptors: Bilingual Education, Child Language, Elementary Education, English
Lebach, Susan M. – 1974
In the fall of 1971, a Spanish immersion program was initiated in kindergarten at the Linwood Howe Elementary School in Culver City, California. The original (pilot) group was in grade 2 at the time of this study, which focused on the pilot group in grade 2 and the follow-up group at grade 1. The major questions examined were: (1) Are the students…
Descriptors: Academic Achievement, English, Immersion Programs, Language Acquisition