This keynote consists of two parts. The first part offers some general observations from the past related to the power (and eventual powerlessness) of education. The aim is to create a framework with which the specific case, discussed in the second part, must be interpreted. Furthermore, it is emphasised that almost every pedagogical intervention…

Discusses research on Catholic pillarization. Argues that some European countries are internally divided into blocks of different religions and political persuasions. Outlines the success of the pillars in the areas of education and healthcare. Stresses that other social sectors which function impersonally are not influenced by the pillars. (CAJ)

Louvain University is divided due to conflicting languages and cultural traditions that could not coexist. As a result, two universities, the medieval university at Leuven (Dutch-speaking) and the new university at Louvain-La-Neuve (French-speaking), have been established. Both universities seem to be functioning peacefully. (LC)