Purpose: Trade unions, like many other membership-based social movement organisations, are confronted by the challenge of growth and revitalisation. Declining membership numbers, an increasingly restrictive legislative framework, and dramatic changes in modes of employment have combined to challenge many unions to rethink the way they work. In…

Lifelong learning has evolved from the UNESCO concept in the 1960s-70s of democratization through education to the 1990s' economic competitiveness arguments. Current economic and social conditions demand a broader conception that encompasses changes in work, technology, and demography and environmental sustainability. Focus should shift to…