The strabismus conception of masculinity and power with its manipulation as reflected in the consequences of actions endorsed and demonstrated by leaders, followers, citizens as individuals and groups at different times in the past, and present has been a major source of the seemingly quiescence and underdevelopment in Africa. Masculinity has…

The role and status of women in Africa has changed profoundly since the end of the colonial period. Many differences in women's status and role are based on geography, history, nationality, political and socioeconomic systems, culture, and religion. (JR)

Whereas women carry the primary responsibility for food production in Africa, development agencies have devoted minimal resources to researching the impact of their policies and new techniques on the well-being of Africa's women farmers. C. K. Eicher (1995) and M. Smale (1995) call this the invisible factor because the gender-related constraints…

Historical and social reasons for the traditional roles of African women in agriculture, commerce, and wage employment are examined. Some adverse effects of technological development on the position of women are cited. Recommendations are presented for integrating women into the modern economy through education. (Author/MC)

Africa and Third World countries do not include women in economic development projects. Women have benefited little from the minimum development done so far. These governments' lack of recognition and expansion of women's critical activities in producing and distributing food and cash crops will perpetuate underdevelopment and poverty. (PS)

A feminist critique of development literature, with specific sub-Saharan examples, shows that development studies and projects are rooted in Western male world views. Researchers, guided by prevailing theory, ask questions about power, control, work, and social life from the point of view of the powerful, i.e., the men. Male research subjects tell…

The initial purpose of this literature search on Third World women in agriculture was to locate materials in the New York and Washington areas. However, the location of source materials became a project in and of itself, and gaining access to various collections no small feat. Some of the best material is what is called fugitive literature. Word…

This annotated bibliography on the subject of women in development is compiled from the resource collection of the Non-Formal Education Information Center of Michigan State University. Planned development efforts are beginning to reflect a greater appreciation of nontraditional, as well as traditional, role options for women. Moreover, constraints…

Researching women, educational administration, and the Third World is paradoxically not about focusing on women at all. To do so would be to underscore a counter-productive sex differences approach and to detract from consideration of why, and for whom, power has come to be exercised in certain ways in schools. (JHZ)

Based on a survey of written sources and perspectives of knowledgeable individuals, the report provides information on women's economic roles in Cameroon, and on aspects of social life which effect their economic performance. A description of the importance of traditional social systems and their evolution over the last 30 years follows a brief…

Focusing on Third World countries, this book examines the undereducation of women, causes of women's undereducation, changes in female education patterns, and the significance of such changes in society and in women's lives. The book consists of four parts, comprising different chapters written by social scientists, researchers, and educators.…

This report to Congress describes the women in development programs, projects, and activities undertaken by the Agency for International Development (AID) during the period from 1978 through 1980. Information is provided concerning AID cooperation and support on preparations for the United Nations Decade for Women Copenhagen Conference. Presented…

Although women are a crucial element in national rural development, their role continues to be neglected in plans and programs for change--especially in Third World countries. In addition to the burden faced by rural people generally in developing countries, women carry a double burden because of their low social status, high illiteracy rate, lack…

Describes a lesson plan that uses on the ordinary life of women in Kenya as a means of introducing students to issues concerning women and work in Africa. Students compare the typical daily schedules of a rural and an urban Kenyan woman and examine their different sets of obligations. (MJP)

Proceedings of the 1981 International Women Student Conference, which disseminated information about the unique needs of international women students, are presented. Contents include the following: "The Role of the Educated Woman: Views from North Africa and the Middle East," Leila Fawaz; "The Role of Educated Women in…