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Direct linkSun, Min; Frank, Kenneth A.; Penuel, William R.; Kim, Chong Min – Educational Administration Quarterly, 2013
Purposes: This study investigates the role of formal and informal leaders in the diffusion of external reforms into schools and to teachers' practices. Formal leaders are designated by their roles in the formal organization of the school (e.g., principals, department chairs, and instructional coaches) and informal leaders refer to those who do not…
Descriptors: Educational Policy, Instructional Leadership, Federal Legislation, Educational Legislation
Download full textGong, Brian; Marion, Scott – National Center on Educational Outcomes, University of Minnesota, 2006
Dealing with flexibility--or its converse, the extent of standardization--is fundamental to alignment, assessment design, and interpretation of results in fully inclusive assessment systems. Highly standardized tests make it easier to compare (performances, students, and schools) across time and to common standards because certain conditions are…
Descriptors: Federal Legislation, Research and Development, Inferences, Disabilities
