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The Inevitable Corruption of Indicators and Educators through High-Stakes Testing. Executive Summary
Download full textNichols, Sharon L.; Berliner, David C. – Education Policy Research Unit, 2005
This research provides lengthy proof of a principle of social science known as Campbell's law: "The more any quantitative social indicator is used for social decision-making, the more subject it will be to corruption pressures and the more apt it will be to distort and corrupt the social processes it is intended to monitor." Applying…
Descriptors: Cheating, Dropouts, High Stakes Tests, Social Indicators
Nichols, Sharon L.; Berliner, David C. – Education Policy Research Unit, 2005
This research provides lengthy proof of a principle of social science known as Campbell's law: "The more any quantitative social indicator is used for social decision-making, the more subject it will be to corruption pressures and the more apt it will be to distort and corrupt the social processes it is intended to monitor." Applying…
Descriptors: Cheating, Dropouts, High Stakes Tests, Social Indicators
Watson, John F. – North American Council for Online Learning, 2007
Online learning is growing rapidly across the United States within all levels of education, as more and more students and educators become familiar with the benefits of learning unconstrained by time and place. Across most states and all grade levels, students are finding increased opportunity, flexibility, and convenience through online learning.…
Descriptors: Definitions, Educational Resources, Student Evaluation, Educational Assessment
