The federal Higher Education Act of 1965, as amended, defines a "historically" black institution of higher education as "any historically black college or university that was established prior to 1964, whose principle mission was, and is, the education of black Americans." They are usually referred to as HBCUs. Most private black colleges originated in the nineteen southern and border states after the Civil War during and after Reconstruction (1867-1890). Over time many black colleges closed or changed their mission and curricula, and others were established. In 1900 only about 4,000 black college students were enrolled in HBCUs, the great majority in the South. Today, there are about 103 HBCUs, slightly more than half private, the rest public, and a few two-year institutions. Yet, HBCUs have felt insecure about their future. This article presents a thorough account of the history and current health of America's historically black colleges and universities. The author finds that while some have not survived, a significant proportion of HBCUs today are thriving. (Contains 28 footnotes.)