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Top-Down and Bottom-Up: Teachers as Policy Advocates in the Michigan English Language Arts Frameworks Project.
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Borman, Jennifer; Cusick, Philip – 1998
The Michigan English Language Arts Framework (MELAF) offers an illustrative case of top-down and bottom-up confluences in curriculum policymaking. In several distinct ways, state policy met local initiatives to create dynamic partnerships to spread change. State systematic reformers looked to the grass roots for ideas and percolating initiatives.…
Descriptors: Academic Standards, Case Studies, Curriculum Development, Educational Policy