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Zirkel, Perry A. – Phi Delta Kappan, 2003
Analyzes California case ("Newdow v. U.S. Congress") involving Constit utional challenge to the phrase "under God" in the Pledge of Allegiance wherein the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that the phrase violated the Establishment Clause requiring state-church separation. (Contains 11 references.) (PKP)
Descriptors: Court Litigation, Elementary Secondary Education, Federal Courts, State Church Separation
Peer reviewedWilliams, Charles F. – Social Education, 2005
Reactions to the retirement of Justice Sandra Day O'Connor and debate over the president's replacement nomination, Judge John Roberts, Jr., of the D.C. Circuit, dominated this summer's Supreme Court recess. Subsequently, after Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist's death on September 3, 2005, President Bush nominated Roberts for the chief justice…
Descriptors: Federal Courts, Court Litigation, Judges, Opinions
