The Emergency School Aid Act (ESAA) provides financial assistance to nonprofit organizations (NPOs) to support school desegregation programs or reduce minority group isolation. In this volume the effectiveness of ESAA-NPOs and non-ESAA-funded groups is examined. The analysis, based on data from 131 community organizations in 40 school districts throughout the country, addresses two questions: (1) What are the most important factors in predicting the impact a community will have on facilitating school desegregation? (2) How does the impact of groups funded under the ESAA-NPO program compare with that of non-ESAA-funded groups? It was found that a group's choice of tactics and activities, rather than its community context or level of resources, best explain its impact in a given community. However, although advocacy activities were discovered to be the most important predictors of organizational success for types of groups, very few NPOs actually selected this type activity. In addition, neither the size, racial composition, nor openness to community inputs of a school district were found to affect the resource level or kinds of activities a group chooses, implying that other variables should be considered in awarding ESAA-NPO grants. (GC)