No school board member, administrator, or teacher wants to see a student suffering from taunts of the student's peers, but with budget cutbacks, reductions in force, and increased class size, teachers and administrators are stretched too thin to easily identify, investigate, and remedy student-on-student harassment. But school districts must…

Bullying is a common occurrence in U.S.'s schools and is currently at the forefront of national attention. Unfortunately, students with disabilities are frequently the targets of peer-on-peer bullying. The purpose of this article is to examine the legal ramifications when students with disabilities are bullied in school settings. We address court…

Bullying is a problem in our schools. Bullying behavior was easier to curtail when it was face-to-face, but now, through the Internet, Bullying has transmogriphied into a form that one cannot escape. Hurtful and hate-filled messages printed "in perpetuity." The messages torment victims twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week. Many…

The Supreme Court's recent decision in "Fitzgerald v. Barnstable School Committee" (2009) expands the opportunities for students and their parents to sue school boards for alleged sex discrimination. Even so, as discussed here, "Fitzgerald" should have little effect on the day-to-day operations of school systems. This column…

Defines sexual harassment and reminds school boards of their moral and legal obligation to protect employees and maintain an intimidation-free workplace. Offers several tips for preventing sexual harrassment and for launching investigations into complaints. (MLH)

Reviews six Supreme Court decisions on sexual harassment since 1992, three of which were education cases. Suggests content of school board policy to comply with Court's sexual-harassment decisions and thus limit liability under Title IX for offenses involving students and Title VII for acts involving school personnel. (PKP)

More comments on the regulations covering equal treatment of the sexes under Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. (Author)

With the "Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education" decision, a bitterly divided U.S. Supreme Court resolved the split between circuit courts over public school districts' liability for money damages under Title IX. Boards may be held liable when school officials are deliberately indifferent to on-campus student-to-student sexual…

Focuses on the employment of women administrators by the New York City Board of Education from 1972 to 1981. Analyzes the influence of numerous difficulties--political, legislative, and administrative--on the effectiveness of Title IX. Concludes that, without revisions in policy design and management, the law is condemned to ineffectuality. (KH)

In "Rowinsky" the Fifth Circuit ruled that Title IX does not entitle a student to recover damages from a school district for peer sexual harassment. However, three federal district courts and the Eleventh Circuit have joined the trend of holding school districts liable. Follows the Eleventh Circuit's approach and advises school districts…

Recent court decisions and federal guidelines make it clear that school districts must take action to protect gay students. Eleven states have laws prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. Attorneys recommend defining sexual-orientation discrimination, along with other types of discrimination, in nondiscrimination policies,…

The disproportionate enrollment numbers of males and females in various classes in the Hayward, California Unified School District were investigated. A needs assessment was conducted to identify the subject, teacher, total enrollment, and sexual composition of the classes. Results indicated that 39 classes were disproportionate in their sexual…

Title IX mandates that pregnant students, regardless of marital status, have the same rights and responsibilities as other students. Because social pressures on pregnant and parenting students to leave school still exists, schools have been required to develop responses to their needs. To examine these responses and subsequent programs from the…

Explains how courts have interpreted sexual harassment to constitute sexual discrimination under Title IX, how the "deliberate indifference" standard may be applied to sexual harassment cases, how courts disagree on school liability for student-to-student harassment, and that school personnel are now being sued for damages. Provides…

Volunteers from community organizations in six southern states monitored 21 school districts to find their districts' initial answer to Title IX, federal legislation barring sex discrimination. The actual monitoring of the 21 districts was completed in the late spring of 1976, with data covering the first year of Title IX implementation. The…