The aim of this essay is to advance understandings of current efforts to democratize disciplined approaches to educational innovation and improvement in the US and other countries, with a specific focus on the macro-level policy contexts of improvement research in education. In the US, earlier analyses examined these policy contexts from a…

Discusses a recent court decision bearing on Title IX's application to interscholastic or intercollegiate athletics. (WD)

Title IX provides no private right of court action. (Author/IRT)

Reviews different interpretations of the Supreme Court's recent ruling concerning Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. For related articles, see pages 21 and 23 in the same issue. (WD)

Describes the process for hearing complaints filed under Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. For related articles, see pages 21 and 22 in the same issue. (WD)

Discusses 2001 U.S. Supreme Court decision in "Gonzaga University v. Doe" wherein the Court held that because Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) does not create federal privacy rights, students and parents cannot sue educational institutions under Section 1983 seeking damages for FERPA violations. Nevertheless, educational…

When Congress decided that Title IX applied to sports, the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) was required to develop regulations for enforcing equality in athletic programs. HEW's guidelines, the federal government's enforcement of the guidelines, and the impact of Title IX on women's athletics are discussed. (SR)

Since Brown University lost its four-year court battle over athletic program equality issues, most colleges and secondary schools have learned to settle when sued under Title IX. Virginia Tech, University of Kansas, and Howard University are illustrative cases. Since nearly all high schools and colleges are vulnerable, it is wise to prepare for…

The courts have more consistently dismembered Title IX than enforced it. (Author/IRT)

Previous "School Law" columns discussed developments under Title IX (Educational Amendments of 1970), noting a trend among federal courts to apply Title IX's prohibition against sexual harassment to peer and employee-to-student sexual harassment. A recent Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals decision against the Santa Rosa City School District…

Two fundamental questions concerning sex discrimination under Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 are addressed in this thirteenth chapter of a book on school law: Does the law apply to employment and did the Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW) exceed its authority by covering athletics, which receives no federal funding?…

A Supreme Court ruling for a female high school student charging sex discrimination is seen by some as a positive step in Title IX compliance in college athletics, by others as encouraging litigation and emphasis on personal gain. It also gives protection to female staff and students outside athletics. (MSE)

Although the U.S. Supreme Court allows students to sue districts (under Title IX) over teacher-student harassment, federal courts have split over peer harassment. In "Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education" (1999), the Supreme Court ruled that students can sue districts for inadequate responses to reported peer sexual harassment. (MLH)

A total of 20 judges ruled on a 1994 sexual-harassment case including 5 U.S. Supreme Court justices, who decided in a middle- schooler's favor. School districts are liable for violations of Title IX when they knowingly ignore blatant, pervasive abuse that limits a student's educational access. (Contains 28 references.) (MLH)

Chapter 11 of a book on school law highlights the legal context of extracurricular activities in relationship to sex discrimination. First, the legal issues raised by Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 are examined. In general, this statute, with limited exceptions, requires that extracurricular activities be open to students without…