Presents a brief historical summary of affirmative action, examines its practices, and explores its future prospects. The article argues that the way out of the racial isolation brought about by the success of middle-class racial integration is to practice affirmative action on the basis of class rather than race, that is, equality of opportunity.…

Examines the sources of legal policy challenged by critics of the Committee on the General Aptitude Test Battery report. Indicates solid legal precedent for "burden shifting" to the employer when employment practice adversely affects a protected class. Finds that critics attack what is simply a description of established social policy.…

Describes the evolution of "race-norming," or "within-group scoring," the practice by which job candidates' scores on employment tests are reported relative to comparison groups of their own race or ethnicity. Contends that race-norming fosters group rather than individual rights and perpetuates the inequality it intends to…