The Common Core State Standards Initiative is a standards-based reform in which 45 U.S. states and the District of Columbia have agreed to participate. The reform seeks to anchor primary and secondary education across these states in one set of demanding, internationally benchmarked standards. Thereby, all students will be prepared for further…

The "Adams v. Richardson" case required states to redress inequalities in employment opportunities for African American faculty at traditionally White institutions (TWIs). Studies the impact of the litigation in nine states affected by "Adams" and finds evidence of some positive effect. Calls for greater court oversight of TWI…

Legal issues associated with competency testing of teachers are reviewed, with an emphasis on the problem of bias against minority examinees taking standardized tests. The central legislative foci of legal activity in this area are Titles VI and VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Title VII requires employers to show, with validation studies,…