Since the 1930s, federal housing policies and individual practices increased the spatial separation of whites and blacks. Practices such as redlining, restrictive covenants, and discrimination in the rental and sale of housing not only led to residential segregation by race but also continue to shape Whiteness and frame narratives about what…

The results of desegregation efforts from 1954 to 1975 are reviewed. The impact of court litigation on school integration both in the North and the South is discussed. Additionally, the impact of the Brown Decision of 1954 and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 are reviewed in the light of improvements in school integration. A brief summation of court…