In the Bible, the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse are said to usher in the end of the world. That is why, in 1964, Judge Ben Cameron gave four of his fellow judges on the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit the derisive nickname "the Fifth Circuit Four"--because they were ending the segregationist world of the Deep…

While some state and local education agencies may raise concerns over shifting legal principles and political apprehension in pursuing strategies that integrate students across race, socioeconomic status, and other factors, the changing demographics warrant serious inquiry into integration opportunities. This paper surveys the landscape of K-12…

This article explores the legacies of the 1954 "Brown v. Board of Education" Supreme Court decision within the historical context of race relations in the United States. The pursuit by African Americans to exercise their rights of citizenship is described as influenced by the changing face of fear. The Supreme Court decisions that…

Background/Context: Most narratives of Brown v. Board of Education primarily focus on integrated schooling as the ultimate objective in Black people's quest for quality schooling. Rather than uniformly assuming integration as Black people's ideological model, the push by Black people for quality schooling instead should be viewed within the…

The Brown decision is examined in light of the changing racial attitudes during the 1930s and 1940s. The effects, both positive and negative, of the decision are also discussed with emphasis on the continuing fight to bring about equal opportunity. (MC)

This paper provides an anecdotal account of racial relations and integration efforts in West Virginia before and after the Brown decision, from the perspective of the publisher of the "Charleston Gazette," The struggle for racial equality in West Virginia has been filled with contradictions. The first legal action taken in West Virginia…

Traces Virginia's reactions to the Brown decision--from evasion and resistance to containment to the present day strife over bussing. (DW)

Since school busing has not desegregated schools, a plan is presented allowing students to transfer with free transportation within a school district. If this plan is not adopted, the need is cited for federal legislation that prohibits compulsory busing from placing a burden on any race. (MD)

Discusses white society's reaction to the 1954 Brown decision and cites gradualism, delay, hate, fear, and distrust as the intervening problems in the creation of equal education in an integrated society. (Author/DW)

Massive white resistance to the Supreme Court's 1954 Brown decision encouraged educational administrators and leaders who supported school integration to ally themselves with progressive civic activists. Desegregation thus catalyzed the development of a new, more openly political vision of educational leadership. If schools of education were to…

Adapted from his memoirs, this article offers a view of the school desegregation case, Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, from the perspective of the Supreme Court chief justice. (LBH)

Analyzes four significant court cases that span the rise of a body of jurisprudence in the United States known as civil rights law. Describes each of these cases in detail showing the profound impact they have had on the rights of all citizens and, in particular, African Americans. (CMK)

American schools, resegregating gradually for almost two decades, are now experiencing accelerating isolation and this will doubtless be intensified by the recent decision of the U.S. Supreme Court. In June 2007, the Supreme Court handed down its first major decision on school desegregation in 12 years in the Louisville and Seattle cases. A…

This paper presents a broad discussion of the historical, political, and philosophical aspects of school integration as embodied in the Brown decision of 1954. Segregated education is damaging to both whites and blacks. Thus, the Brown decision was beneficial for the majority group as well as for minorities. Historically, in fact, free public…

The Supreme Court's landmark Brown decision changed the total pattern of race relations in the United States and helped to solidify the foundations of American democracy for the benefit of all Americans. Ironically, although the specific issue which resulted in the Brown decision was concerned with the constitutionality of racially segregated…