This article examines the Spanish proverb, "quien habla dos idiomas vale por dos," which literally translates to mean he who speaks two languages is worth two people and applies its meaning to immigrant children who are language brokers for their families. Historically, the United States has not promoted multilingualism and even frowned…

In spring 2019, without controversy or fanfare and without violating the voter mandate of Proposition 203, emergent bilinguals in Arizona were once again granted unrestricted access to dual language bilingual education after nearly 20 years. The policy change was accomplished through a seemingly small piece of legislation that reduced the daily…

The Bilingual Education Act (BEA) was a signature piece of legislation and was especially significant as a legislative accomplishment for Latinos and Native Americans as part of the Great Society programs and the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s. While Senator Ralph Yarborough of Texas and President Lyndon Johnson have historically been credited…

The Bilingual Education Act was passed in 1968 to address the challenges faced by emerging bilingual students in U.S. schools. Fifty years later, ideologies promoting bilingual education persist with a discourse of "one nation, one territory, one language nationalism." The bilingual and multiple language repertoires necessary for…

Language education policy has been a controversial and ongoing issue throughout the U.S., particularly in the state of Texas. This paper reports on a frame analysis of the five bills that amended the Texas Education Code to implement or expand bilingual education and English as a second language programs. Analysis focused on problems and solutions…

This essay traces the bilingual education movement that began in Tucson through the efforts of local teachers, university faculty and educational leaders. It is argued that Mexican Americans and their allies played a crucial role in promoting the merits of bilingual education at the local, state and national levels. Their advocacy of…

Relying on life history and memory as methodology, this essay unearths the memories of schooling of five Mexican American teachers at a dual-language school in San Antonio, locating their memories of trauma within the history of language oppression and cultural exclusion in U.S. public schools. In re(membering) their schooling experiences as…

This article traces the ways in which New York City schools have responded to the multilingualism of its children in the last forty years. I review here the past to construct the future--the future of the past. I argue that in the predominantly Puerto Rican community of the 1960s and 1970s a simple approach toward languages and bilingualism in…

This newsletter is designed to promote bilingual/bicultural education. Articles in this issue include: "Una Mejor Comprension de la Cultura Hispanoamericans" ("A Better Understanding of Hispanoamerican Culture"), "Portuguese Science Materials,""Comentario Sobre Materiais Portugueses" ("Commentary on…

This teacher resource book describes the Spanish-Mexican contribution to the cattle industry, rodeo, and cowboy culture. It provides background material, resources, and activities for developing a bilingual-bicultural education course for primary, intermediate, and upper grades. The first three sections discuss the cattle industry, American rodeo,…

The Bilingual Mini School focused on educational services of a bilingual nature for students in kindergarten through grade six. At the kindergarten, first and second grade levels all classes were comprised of Spanish-dominant or bilingual students. At grades three, four and five the students were grouped based on language dominance (Spanish or…

This is the report of the evaluation of a Title VII bilingual bicultural program with both Spanish/English and Italian/English components. The program, which operated in three public and one private school in District 15, Brooklyn, New York, was designed to provide reading instruction in English and the student's native language, mathematics and…

The Materials Acquisition Project (MAP) was founded in 1970 under E.S.E.A. Title VII to collect educational materials published in Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking countries for assistance and use in bilingual education programs in the U.S. MAP believes in parity in all aspects of bilingual-bicultural education and offers guidelines for such an…

In order to meet the needs of an increasing population of Spanish-speaking pupils who, because of their language handicap, had a difficult time in school, the Milwaukee Bilingual Education Program was developed. It provided a systematic bilingual program for Spanish-background pupils who lacked experiential background and who needed special…